IEEE 802.11(ieee 802.11标准定义了)

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IEEE 802.11

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IEEE 802.11

无线局域网标准

IEEE 802.11

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11

　 802.11定义了两种类型的设备,一种是无线站，通常是通过一台PC机器加上一块无线网络接口卡构成的,另一个称为无线接入点(Access Point, AP),它的作用是提供无线和有线网络之间的桥接。一个无线接入点通常由一个无线输出口和一个有线的网络接口(802.3接口)构成，桥接软件符合802.1d桥接协议。接入点就像是无线网络的一个无线基站，将多个无线的接入站聚合到有线的网络上。无线的终端可以是802.11PCMCIA卡、PCI接口、ISA接口的，或者是在非计算机终端上的嵌入式设备。 802.11物理层结构：　　在802.11最初定义的三个物理层包括了两……

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802.11物理层结构：

　　在802.11最初定义的三个物理层包括了两个扩散频谱技术和一个红外传播规范，无线传输的频道定义在2.4GHz的ISM波段内，这个频段，在各个国际无线管理机构中，例如美国的USA，欧洲的ETSI和日本的MKK都是非注册使用频段。这样，使用802.11的客户端设备就不需要任何无线许可。扩散频谱技术保证了802.11的设备在这个频段上的可用性和可靠的吞吐量，这项技术还可以保证同其他使用同一频段的设备不互相影响。802.11无线标准定义的传输速率是1Mbps和2Mbps，可以使用FHSS(frequency hopping spread spectrum)和DSSS(direct sequence spread spectrum)技术，需要指出的是，FHSS和DHSS技术在运行机制上是完全不同的，所以采用这两种技术的设备没有互操作性。

什么是802.11b的增强物理层

　　802.11b在无线局域网协议中最大的贡献就在于它在802.11协议的物理层增加了两个新的速度：5.5Mbps和11Mbps。为了实现这个目标，DSSS被选作该标准的唯一的物理层传输技术，这个决定使得802.11b可以和1Mbps和2M的802.11bps DSSS系统互操作。最初802.11的DSSS标准使用11位的chipping－Barker序列－来将数据编码并发送，每一个11位的chipping代表一个一位的数字信号1或者0，这个序列被转化成波形(称为一个Symbol)，然后在空气中传播。这些Symbol以1MSps(每秒1M的symbols)的速度进行传送，传送的机制称为BPSK(Binary Phase Shifting Keying )，在2Mbps的传送速率中，使用了一种更加复杂的传送方式称为QPSK(Quandrature Phase Shifting Keying)，QPSK中的数据传输率是BPSK的两倍，以此提高了无线传输的带宽。

　在802.11b标准中，一种更先进的编码技术被采用了，在这个编码技术中，抛弃了原有的11位Barker序列技术，而采用了CCK(Complementary Code Keying)技术，它的核心编码中有一个64个8位编码组成的集合，在这个集合中的数据有特殊的数学特性使得他们能够在经过干扰或者由于反射造成的多方接受问题后还能够被正确地互相区分。5.5Mbps使用CCK串来携带4位的数字信息，而11Mbps的速率使用CCK串来携带8位的数字信息。两个速率的传送都利用QPSK作为调制的手段，不过信号的调制速率为1.375MSps。这也是802.11b获得高速的机理。表1中列举了这些数据。

　　为了支持在有噪音的环境下能够获得较好的传输速率，802.11b采用了动态速率调节技术，来允许用户在不同的环境下自动使用不同的连接速度来补充环境的不利影响。在理想状态下，用户以11M的全速运行，然而，当用户移出理想的11M速率传送的位置或者距离时，或者潜在地受到了干扰的话，这把速度自动按序降低为5.5Mbps、2Mbps、1Mbps。同样，当用户回到理想环境的话，连接速度也会以反向增加直至11Mbps。速率调节机制是在物理层自动实现而不会对用户和其它上层协议产生任何影响。

802.11数字链路层

　　802.11的MAC和802.3协议的MAC非常相似，都是在一个共享媒体之上支持多个用户共享资源，由发送者在发送数据前先进行网络的可用性。在802.3协议中，是由一种称为CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)的协议来完成调节，而在802.11无线局域网协议中，冲突的检测存在一定的问题，这个问题称为"Near/Far"现象，这是由于要检测冲突，设备必须能够一边接受数据信号一边传送数据信号，而这在无线系统中是无法办到的。鉴于这个差异，在802.11中对CSMA/CD进行了一些调整，采用了新的协议CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)或者DCF(Distributed Coordination Function)。 CSMA/CA利用ACK信号来避免冲突的发生，也就是说，只有当客户端收到网络上返回的ACK信号后才确认送出的数据已经正确到达目的。CSMA/CA通过这种方式来提供无线的共享访问，这种显式的ACK机制在处理无线问题时非常有效。然而不管是对于802.11还是802.3来说，这种方式都增加了额外的负担，所以802.11网络和类似的Ethernet网比较总是在性能上稍逊一筹。

另一个的无线MAC层问题是"hidden node"问题。两个相反的工作站利用一个中心接入点进行连接，这两个工作站都能够"听"到中心接入点的存在，而互相之间则可能由于障碍或者距离原因无法感知到对方的存在。为了解决这个问题，802.11在MAC层上引入了一个新的Send/Clear to Send(RTS/CTS)选项，当这个选项打开后，一个发送工作站传送一个RTS信号，随后等待访问接入点回送RTS信号，由于所有的网络中的工作站能够"听"到访问接入点发出的信号，所以CTS能够让他们停止传送数据，这样发送端就可以发送数据和接受ACK信号而不会造成数据的冲突，这就间接解决了"hidden node"问题。由于RTS/CTS需要占用网络资源而增加了额外的网络负担，一般只是在那些大数据报上采用(重传大数据报会耗费较大)。

　　最后，802.11MAC子层提供了另两个强壮的功能，CRC校验和包分片。在802.11协议中，每一个在无线网络中传输的数据报都被附加上了校验位以保证它在传送的时候没有出现错误，这和Ethernet中通过上层TCP/IP协议来对数据进行校验有所不同。包分片的功能允许大的数据报在传送的时候被分成较小的部分分批传送。这在网络十分拥挤或者存在干扰的情况下(大数据报在这种环境下传送非常容易遭到破坏)是一个非常有用的特性。这项技术大大减少了许多情况下数据报被重传的概率，从而提高了无线网络的整体性能。MAC子层负责将收到的被分片的大数据报进行重新组装，对于上层协议这个分片的过程是完全透明的。

联合结构、蜂窝结构和漫游

　　802.11的MAC子层负责解决客户端工作站和访问接入点之间的连接。当一个802.11客户端进入一个或者多个接入点的覆盖范围时，它会根据信号的强弱以及包错误率来自动选择一个接入点来进行连接，一旦被一个接入点接受，客户端就会将发送接受信号的频道切换为接入点的频段。这种重新协商通常发生在无线工作站移出了它原连接的接入点的服务范围，信号衰减后。其他的情况还发生在建筑物造成的信号的变化或者仅仅由于原有接入点中的拥塞。在拥塞的情况下，这种重新协商实现?quot;负载平衡"的功能，它将能够使得整个无线网络的利用率达到最高。802.11的DSSS中一共存在着相互覆盖的14个频道，在这14个频道中，仅有三个频道是完全不覆盖的，利用这些频道来作为多蜂窝覆盖是最合适的。如果两个接入点的覆盖范围互相影响，同时他们使用了互相覆盖的频段，这会造成他们在信号传输时的互相干扰，从而降低了他们各自网络的性能和效率。

WikiPedia关于IEEE 802.11的解释：

IEEE 802.11, the Wi-Fi standard, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The term 802.11x is also used to denote this set of standards and is not to be mistaken for any one of its elements. There is no single 802.11x standard. The term IEEE 802.11 is also used to refer to the original 802.11, which is now sometimes called "802.11legacy." For the application of these standards see Wi-Fi.

The 802.11 family currently includes six over-the-air modulation techniques that all use the same protocol. The most popular (and prolific) techniques are those defined by the b, a, and g amendments to the original standard; security was originally included and was later enhanced via the 802.11i amendment. 802.11n is another modulation technique under development. Other standards in the family (c–f, h, j) are service enhancements and extensions or corrections to previous specifications. 802.11b was the first widely accepted wireless networking standard, followed (somewhat counterintuitively) by 802.11a and 802.11g.

802.11b and 802.11g standards use the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band, operating (in the USA) under Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Because of this choice of frequency band, 802.11b and 802.11g equipment can incur interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones, Bluetooth devices, and other appliances using this same band. The 802.11a standard uses the 5 GHz band, and is therefore not affected by products operating on the 2.4 GHz band.

Which part of the radio frequency spectrum may be used varies between countries, with the strictest limitations in the USA. While it is true that in the USA 802.11a and g devices may be legally operated without a license, it is not true that 802.11a and g operate in an unlicensed portion of the radio frequency spectrum. Unlicensed (legal) operation of 802.11 a & g is covered under Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. Frequencies used by channels one (1) through six (6) (802.11b) fall within the range of the 2.4 gigahertz amateur radio band. Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11b devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and Regulations that apply.

Protocols

802.11 legacy

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

1997 2.4 GHz 1 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s ?

The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 released in 1997 specifies two raw data rates of 1 and 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to be transmitted via infrared (IR) signals or by either Frequency hopping or Direct-sequence spread spectrum in the Industrial Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz. IR remains a part of the standard but has no actual implementations.

The original standard also defines Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) as the medium access method. A significant percentage of the available raw channel capacity is sacrificed (via the CSMA/CA mechanisms) in order to improve the reliability of data transmissions under diverse and adverse environmental conditions.

At least five different, somewhat-interoperable, commercial products appeared using the original specification, from companies like Alvarion (PRO.11 and BreezeAccess-II), BreezeCom, Lucent, Netwave Technologies (AirSurfer Plus and AirSurfer Pro), Symbol Technologies (Spectrum24), and Proxim (OpenAir). A weakness of this original specification was that it offered so many choices that interoperability was sometimes challenging to realize. It is really more of a "beta-specification" than a rigid specification, allowing individual product vendors the flexibility to differentiate their products. Legacy 802.11 was rapidly supplemented (and popularized) by 802.11b. Widespread adoption of 802.11 networks only occurred after 802.11b was ratified and as a result few networks ran on the 802.11-1997 standard.

802.11b

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

1999 2.4 GHz 6.5 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s ~30 meters (~100 feet)

The 802.11b amendment to the original standard was ratified in 1999. 802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same CSMA/CA media access method defined in the original standard. Due to the CSMA/CA protocol overhead, in practice the maximum 802.11b throughput that an application can achieve is about 5.9 Mbit/s over TCP and 7.1 Mbit/s over UDP.

802.11b products appeared on the market very quickly, since 802.11b is a direct extension of the DSSS (Direct-sequence spread spectrum) modulation technique defined in the original standard. Technically, the 802.11b standard uses Complementary code keying (CCK) as its modulation technique, which is a variation on CDMA. Hence, chipsets and products were easily upgraded to support the 802.11b enhancements. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.

802.11b is usually used in a point-to-multipoint configuration, wherein an access point communicates via an omni-directional antenna with one or more clients that are located in a coverage area around the access point. Typical indoor range is 30 m (100 ft) at 11 Mbit/s and 90 m (300 ft) at 1 Mbit/s. With high-gain external antennas, the protocol can also be used in fixed point-to-point arrangements, typically at ranges up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) although some report success at ranges up to 80–120 km (50–75 miles) where line of sight can be established. This is usually done in place of costly leased lines or very cumbersome microwave communications equipment. Designers of such installations who wish to remain within the law must however be careful about legal limitations on effective radiated power.

802.11b cards can operate at 11 Mbit/s, but will scale back to 5.5, then 2, then 1 Mbit/s (also known as Adaptive Rate Selection), if signal quality becomes an issue. Since the lower data rates use less complex and more redundant methods of encoding the data, they are less susceptible to corruption due to interference and signal attenuation. Extensions have been made to the 802.11b protocol (for example, channel bonding and burst transmission techniques) in order to increase speed to 22, 33, and 44 Mbit/s, but the extensions are proprietary and have not been endorsed by the IEEE. Many companies call enhanced versions "802.11b+". These extensions have been largely obviated by the development of 802.11g, which has data rates up to 54 Mbit/s and is backwards-compatible with 802.11b.

802.11a

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

1999 5 GHz 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~30 meters (~100 feet)

The 802.11a amendment to the original standard was ratified in 1999. The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard, operates in 5 GHz band, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s. The data rate is reduced to 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9 then 6 Mbit/s if required. 802.11a has 12 non-overlapping channels, 8 dedicated to indoor and 4 to point to point. It is not interoperable with 802.11b, except if using equipment that implements both standards.

Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used, using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a the advantage of less interference. However, this high carrier frequency also brings disadvantages. It restricts the use of 802.11a to almost line of sight, necessitating the use of more access points; it also means that 802.11a cannot penetrate as far as 802.11b since it is absorbed more readily, other things (such as power) being equal.

Different countries have different regulatory support, although a 2003 World Radiotelecommunications Conference made it easier for use worldwide. 802.11a is now approved by regulations in the United States and Japan, but in other areas, such as the European Union, it had to wait longer for approval. European regulators were considering the use of the European HIPERLAN standard, but in mid-2002 cleared 802.11a for use in Europe. In the US, a mid-2003 FCC decision may open more spectrum to 802.11a channels.

Of the 52 OFDM subcarriers, 48 are for data and 4 are pilot subcarriers with a carrier separation of 0.3125 MHz (20 MHz/64). Each of these subcarriers can be a BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM. The total bandwidth is 20 MHz with an occupied bandwidth of 16.6 MHz. Symbol duration is 4 microseconds with a guard interval of 0.8 microseconds. The actual generation and decoding of orthogonal components is done in baseband using DSP which is then upconverted to 5 GHz at the transmitter. Each of the subcarriers could be represented as a complex number. The time domain signal is generated by taking an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Correspondingly the receiver downconverts, samples at 20 MHz and does an FFT to retrieve the original coefficients. The advantages of using OFDM include reduced multipath effects in reception and increased spectral efficiency.

802.11a products started shipping in 2001, lagging 802.11b products due to the slow availability of the 5 GHz components needed to implement products. 802.11a was not widely adopted overall because 802.11b was already widely adopted, because of 802.11a's disadvantages, because of poor initial product implementations, making its range even shorter, and because of regulations. Manufacturers of 802.11a equipment responded to the lack of market success by improving the implementations (current-generation 802.11a technology has range characteristics much closer to those of 802.11b), and by making technology that can use more than one 802.11 standard. There are dual-band, or dual-mode or tri-mode cards that can automatically handle 802.11a and b, or a, b and g, as available. Similarly, there are mobile adapters and access points which can support all these standards simultaneously.

Data rate

(Mbit/s) Modulation Coding rate Ndbps 1472 byte

transfer duration

(?s)

6 BPSK 1/2 24 2012

9 BPSK 3/4 36 1344

12 QPSK 1/2 48 1008

18 QPSK 3/4 72 672

24 16-QAM 1/2 96 504

36 16-QAM 3/4 144 336

48 64-QAM 2/3 192 252

54 64-QAM 3/4 216 224

802.11g

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

June 2003 2.4 GHz 25 Mbit/s 108 Mbit/s ~30 meters (~100 feet)

In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802.11g. This flavor works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, or about 24.7 Mbit/s net throughput like 802.11a. 802.11g hardware will work with 802.11b hardware. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering technical process. In older networks, however, the presence of an 802.11b participant significantly reduces the speed of an 802.11g network. The modulation scheme used in 802.11g is orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for the data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbit/s, and reverts to (like the 802.11b standard) CCK for 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s and DBPSK/DQPSK+DSSS for 1 and 2 Mbit/s. Even though 802.11g operates in the same frequency band as 802.11b, it can achieve higher data rates because of its similarities to 802.11a. The maximum range of 802.11g devices is slightly greater than that of 802.11b devices, but the range in which a client can achieve full (54 Mbit/s) data rate speed is much shorter than that of 802.11b.

The 802.11g standard swept the consumer world of early adopters starting in January 2003, well before ratification. The corporate users held back and Cisco and other big equipment makers waited until ratification. By summer 2003, announcements were flourishing. Most of the dual-band 802.11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a, b, and g in a single mobile adapter card or access point. Despite its major acceptance, 802.11g suffers from the same interference as 802.11b in the already crowded 2.4 GHz range. Devices operating in this range include microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, and cordless telephones.

802.11n

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

July 2006 2.4 GHz 200 Mbit/s 540 Mbit/s ~50 meters (~160 ft)

In January 2004 IEEE announced that it had formed a new 802.11 Task Group (TGn) to develop a new amendment to the 802.11 standard for wireless local-area networks. The real data throughput is estimated to reach a theoretical 540 Mbit/s (which may require an even higher raw data rate at the physical layer), and should be up to 100 times faster than 802.11b, and well over 10 times faster than 802.11a or 802.11g. It is projected that 802.11n will also offer a better operating distance than current networks.

There were two competing proposals of the 802.11n standard: WWiSE (World-Wide Spectrum Efficiency), backed by companies including Broadcom, and TGn Sync backed by Intel and Philips.

Previous competitors TGn Sync, WWiSE, and a third group, MITMOT, said in late July 2005 that they would merge their respective proposals as a draft which would be sent to the IEEE in September; a final version will be submitted in November. The standardization process is expected to be completed by the second half of 2006.

802.11n builds upon previous 802.11 standards by adding MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output). MIMO uses multiple transmitter and receiver antennas to allow for increased data throughput through spatial multiplexing and increased range by exploiting the spatial diversity, perhaps through coding schemes like Alamouti coding.

The Enhanced Wireless Consortium (EWC)[1] was formed to help accelerate the IEEE 802.11n development process and promote a technology specification for interoperability of next-generation wireless local area networking (WLAN) products.

On January 19, 2006, the IEEE 802.11n Task Group approved the Joint Proposal's specification, based on EWC's specification as the confirmed 802.11n proposal.

At the March 2006 meeting, the IEEE 802.11 Working Group sent the 802.11n Draft to its first letter ballot, which means that the 500+ 802.11 voters get to review the document and suggest bugfixes, changes and improvements.

On May 2, 2006, the IEEE 802.11 Working Group voted not to forward Draft 1.0 of the proposed 802.11n standard for a sponsor ballot. Only 46.6% voted to accept the proposal. To proceed to the next step in the IEEE process, a majority vote of 75% is required. This letter ballot also generated approximately 12000 comments -- much more than anticipated.

According to the IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines,the 802.11n standard is not due for final approval until July 2007.

It has been reported that 802.11n interferes with existing 802.11b and g wireless networks. It has also been reported that the range of the 802.11n has reached up to 1/4 of a mile. Interference on this scale is a major setback for 802.11n.[citation needed]

Channels and international compatibility

See also .

802.11b and 802.11g divide the 2.4 GHz spectrum into 14 overlapping, staggered channels whose center frequencies are 5 megahertz (MHz) apart. It is a common misconception that channels 1, 6 and 11 (and, if available in the regulatory domain, channel 14) do not overlap and those channels (or other sets with similar gaps) can be used so that multiple networks can operate in close proximity without interfering with each other, but this statement is somewhat over-simplified. The 802.11b and 802.11g standards do not specify the width of a channel; rather, they specify the center frequency of the channel and a spectral mask for that channel. The spectral mask for 802.11b requires that the signal be by at least 30 dB from its peak energy at ±11 MHz from the center frequency, and attenuated by at least 50 dB from its peak energy at ±22 MHz from the center frequency.

Since the spectral mask only defines power output restrictions up to ±22 MHz from the center frequency, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. In reality, if the transmitter is sufficiently powerful, the signal can be quite strong even beyond the ±22 MHz point. Therefore, it is not correct to say that channels 1, 6, and 11 do not overlap. It is more correct to say that, given the separation between channels 1, 6, and 11, the signal on any channel should be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel. However, this is not universally true; for example, a powerful transmitter on channel 1 can easily overwhelm a weaker transmitter on channel 6. In one lab test, throughput on a file transfer on channel 11 decreased slightly when a similar transfer began on channel 1, indicating that even channels 1 and 11 can interfere with each other to some extent.

Although the statement that channels 1, 6, and 11 are "non-overlapping" is incomplete, the 1, 6, 11 guideline has merit. If transmitters are closer together than channels 1, 6, and 11 (for example, 1, 4, 7, and 10), overlap between the channels will probably cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and throughput.

The channels that are available for use in a particular country differ according to the regulations of that country. In the United States, for example, FCC regulations only allow channels 1 through 11 to be used. In Europe channels 1-13 are licensed for 802.11b operation but only allow lower transmitted power (only 100 mW) to reduce the interference with other ISM band users.

Certification

Because the IEEE only sets specifications but does not test equipment for compliance with them, a trade group called the Wi-Fi Alliance runs a certification program that members pay to participate in. Virtually all companies selling 802.11 equipment are members. The Wi-Fi trademark, owned by the group and usable only on compliant equipment, is intended to guarantee interoperability. Currently, "Wi-Fi" can mean any of 802.11a, b, or g. As of fall 2003, Wi-Fi also includes the security standard Wi-Fi Protected Access or WPA. Eventually "Wi-Fi" will also mean equipment which implements the IEEE 802.11i security standard (also known as WPA2). Products that say they are Wi-Fi are supposed to also indicate the frequency band in which they operate (2.4 or 5 GHz).

Standards

The following IEEE Standards and task groups exist within the IEEE 802.11 working group[2]:

IEEE 802.11 - The original 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and IR standard (1999)

IEEE 802.11a - 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001)

IEEE 802.11b - Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s (1999)

IEEE 802.11c - Bridge operation procedures; included in the IEEE 802.1D standard (2001)

IEEE 802.11d - International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)

IEEE 802.11e - Enhancements: QoS, including packet bursting (2005)

IEEE 802.11F - Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) Withdrawn February 2006

IEEE 802.11g - 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)

IEEE 802.11h - Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004)

IEEE 802.11i - Enhanced security (2004)

IEEE 802.11j - Extensions for Japan (2004)

IEEE 802.11k - Radio resource measurement enhancements

IEEE 802.11l - (reserved and will not be used)

IEEE 802.11m - Maintenance of the standard; odds and ends.

IEEE 802.11n - Higher throughput improvements

IEEE 802.11o - (reserved and will not be used)

IEEE 802.11p - WAVE - Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as ambulances and passenger cars)

IEEE 802.11q - (reserved and will not be used, can be confused with 802.1Q VLAN trunking)

IEEE 802.11r - Fast roaming

IEEE 802.11s - ESS Mesh Networking

IEEE 802.11(ieee 802.11标准定义了)

IEEE 802.11T - Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP) - test methods and metrics

IEEE 802.11u - Interworking with non-802 networks (for example, cellular)

IEEE 802.11v - Wireless network management

IEEE 802.11w - Protected Management Frames

IEEE 802.11x - (reserved and will not be used)

IEEE 802.11y - 3650-3700 Operation in USA

There is no standard or task group named "802.11x". Rather, this term is used informally to denote any current or future 802.11 standard, in cases where further precision is not necessary. (The IEEE 802.1X standard for port-based network access control, is often mistakenly called "802.11x" when used in the context of wireless networks.)

802.11F and 802.11T are stand-alone documents, rather than amendments to the 802.11 standard and are capitalized as such.

Standard or Amendment?

Both the terms "standard" and "amendment" are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE 802.11. Which is correct?

As far as the IEEE is concerned there is only one standard - IEEE 802.11. This standard is continuously updated by means of amendments such as IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b etc. Periodically a new version of the IEEE 802.11 standard is produced combining the previous version of the standard and all amendments published up to that date. For example, there is a 2003 edition of the standard available for purchase[3] that incorporates the IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, and IEEE 802.11d amendments. It is possible that at some point, only this version will be made available for free download replacing the six year old version of the base standard and the first three amendments.

So the correct term for the base standard called "802.11 legacy" on this page would in fact be 802.11-1999. But outside the working group that produces IEEE 802.11 such accuracy is probably unnecessary.

Community networks

With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL, there is an ever-increasing market of people who wish to establish small networks in their homes to share their high speed Internet connection.

Wireless office networks are often unsecured or secured with WEP, which is said to be easily broken, although a substantial amount of data has to be collected before it can be cracked successfully. Note, however, that using readily-available and downloadable tools, WEP networks can be cracked within minutes. These networks frequently allow anyone within range, including passersby on the street outside, to connect to the Internet. There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free wireless connectivity to the public.

Security

In 2001, a group from the University of California, Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were followed by Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir's paper entitled "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4". Not long after, Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack. In the attack they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks.

The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution, 802.11i (previously this work was handled as part of a broader 802.11e effort to enhance the MAC layer). The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an interim specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11i draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. IEEE 802.11i (also known as WPA2) itself was ratified in June 2004, and uses the Advanced Encryption Standard, instead of RC4, which was used in WEP and WPA.

IEEE 802.11(ieee 802.11标准定义了)

In January 2005, IEEE set up yet another task group TGw to protect management and broadcast frames, which previously were sent unsecured. See IEEE 802.11w

Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment

Non-standard channel bonding

Chipmaker Atheros sells a proprietary channel bonding feature called Super G for manufacturers of access points and client cards. This feature can boost network speeds up to 108 Mbit/s by using channel bonding. Also range is increased to 4x the range of 802.11g and 20x the range of 802.11b. This feature may interfere with other networks and may not support all b and g client cards. In addition, packet bursting techniques are also available in some chipsets and products which will also considerably increase speeds. This feature may not be compatible with other equipment. Broadcom, another chipmaker, developed a competing proprietary frame bursting feature called "125 High Speed Mode" or Linksys "SpeedBooster", in response to criticism of Super G's interference potential.

US Robotics also has a "MAXg" line of wireless products boasting 125 Mbit/s (actual throughout 35 Mbit/s) and about a 75% increase in signal range from the 802.11g standard.Based on tests performed by KeyLabs on March 23, 2005 the MAXg series consistently outperformed the equivalent proprietary solutions and some of the "Draft 802.11n" solutions from other developers.

Pre-n equipment

After the announcement of the Draft 1.0 of 802.11n, many vendors announced "pre-n" transceivers and routers based upon that document.

On April 14, 2006, the first 802.11n routers became commercially available from manufacturers Linksys, Netgear, Buffalo Technology, Belkin, and D-link. These might more accurately be called pre-.11n routers, with speeds in excess of 300 Mbit/s.

On May 1, 2006, Belkin unveiled their Belkin N1 router line. The line is scheduled to be released in North America in early June 2006. Linksys 802.11n products were released in some stores as of June 2006.

On June 24, 2006, Dell began shipping 802.11n draft wireless LAN cards in the US for its XPS and Inspiron laptops.

IEEE 802.11(ieee 802.11标准定义了)

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